Demographics and exploitation of two Near Threatened freshwater eels, <scp> <i>Anguilla bengalensis</i> </scp> and <scp> <i>Anguilla bicolor</i> , </scp> in small?scale subsistence fisheries and implications for conservation

Tropical freshwater eels (Anguilla bengalensis and Anguilla bicolor) contribute a major share of the world's wild-caught eel production, having become next target owing to declines in availability both japonica anguilla, species that have traditionally contributed aquaculture trade. Although A. bicolor are assessed as Near Threatened on International Union for Conservation Nature Red List, these assessments primarily based anecdotal information local knowledge population declines. Demographics exploitation levels were determined from small coastal river systems, their adjoining aquascapes Western Ghats hotspot southern peninsular India, value data future conservation planning discussed. The computed estimates annual catch study region between 0.17 (A. 0.30 t bengalensis). Virtual analysis showed drastic decline (in number) length groups >45 cm species, suggesting they less likely attain asymptotic region. Current rates unsustainable, those almost close reaching this level. Exploitation all life stages yellow adults (29–171 cm) is cause recruitment failure significant mortality spawning individuals species. An integrative approach, including raising awareness (leading voluntary restrictions), fishing closures reservoirs, village-level quotas, regular monitoring populations, will ensure sustainable hotspot, elsewhere tropics where exploited.